SYNTAX

SYNTAX
Syntax, originating from the Greek words- ‘syn’(meaning "co-" or "together") and táxis, (meaning "sequence, order, arrangement"), can, in linguistics, be described as the study of the rules, or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. It concerns how different words (which are categorized as nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) are combined into clauses, which, in turn, are combined into sentences. Syntax attempts to systematize descriptive grammar, and is unconcerned with prescriptive grammar.

There exist innumerable theories of formal syntax — theories that have in time risen or fallen in influence. Most theories of syntax at least share two commonalities: First, they hierarchically group subunits into constituent units (phrases). Second, they provide some system of rules to explain patterns of acceptability/grammaticality and unacceptability/ungrammaticality. Most formal theories of syntax offer explanations of the systematic relationships between syntactic form and semantic meaning. (The earliest framework of semiotics was established by Charles W. Morris in his 1938 book Foundations of the Theory of Signs.) Syntax is defined, within the study of signs, as the first of its three subfields. The second subfield is semantics (the study of the relation between the signs and the objects to which they apply), and the third is pragmatics (the relationship between the sign system and the user).

In the framework of transformational-generative grammar, the structure of a sentence is represented by phrase structure trees, otherwise known as phrase markers or tree diagrams. Such trees provide information about the sentences they represent by showing how, starting from an initial category S, the various syntactic categories (noun phrase, verb phrase, etc.) are formed.
There are various theories as to how best to make grammars such that by systematic application of the rules, one can arrive at every phrase marker in a language and hence every sentence in the language. The most common are Phrase structure grammars and ID/LP grammars, the latter having a slight explanatory advantage over the former. Dependency grammar is a class of syntactic theories separate from generative grammar in which structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. One difference from phrase structure grammar is that dependency grammar does not have phrasal categories. Algebraic syntax is a type of dependency grammar.

Monotonic approaches to syntax, such as Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Construction Grammar, and Cognitive Grammar do generally not operate with rules of syntactic combination, but rather with the notion of syntactic schemata which license or block the occurrence of sequences of words in discourse.

Tree adjoining grammar is a grammar formalism which has been used as the basis for a number of syntactic theories. However, in monotonic and monostratale frameworks, variants of unification grammar are often preferred formalisms.

Rishi Kumar Nagar